Waxaa qoray: Cabdicasiis Cali Maxamuud
Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha (Human Development Index – HDI)
Tusmada horumarinta aadanuhu waa cabbir cilmiyeed tirokoob ah oo isku keenaya dhowr arrimood si loo qiimeeyo heerka horumar ee dal kasta. Waxa diyaariya hay’adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan horumarinta aadanaha (UNDP). Tusmadan waxaa hindisay laba dhaqaaleyahan oo caan ah oo la kala yidhaa: Maxbuub Al Xaq iyo Amartya Sen, kuwaas oo aaminsanaa in horumarka dalka aan lagu cabbiri karin oo keliya kobaca dhaqaalaha (GDP), balse loo baahan yahay in la tixgeliyo dhinacyada nololeed ee bulshada sida caafimaadka, waxbarashada, iyo sinnaanta fursadaha dhaqaale. Amartya Sen – oo ku guuleystay abaalmarinta Nobel Peace Prize – wuxuu lahaa aragti la yidhaahdo Capability Approach, taas oo sheegaysa in horumarka dhabta ahi uu yimaado marka la ballaadhiyo awoodda qofka iyo bulshada uu ku dhex nool yahay si ay u gaadhaan nolol wanaagsan.
Saddexda Qodob ee HDI lagu cabbiro:
1. Waxbarashada: Waxbarashada dalka waxaa lagu cabbiraa laba siyaabood: kow: Heerka guud ee caruurta la diiwaangeliyo dugsiyada (school enrollment) iyo celceliska sannadaha waxbarasho ee dadka waaweyn (adult literacy)
2. Caafimaadka: Caafimaadka waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa celceliska muddada nolosha qofka (life expectancy), taasoo muujinaysa inta sano ee la filayo in muwaadin dal gaar ahi uu noolaan karo. Cabbirkani wuxuu si dadban u muujinayaa saameynta ay waxyaabaha sida shilalka, cudurrada, colaadaha iyo saboolnimadu ku leeyihiin cimriga bulshada.
3. Heerka Nolosha (Standard of Living): Waxa lagu cabbiraa dakhliga guud ee dalka (Gross National Income) oo loo qaybiyay tirada dadka, iyadoo sidoo kale la eegayo awoodda wax-iibsiga dadka (Purchasing Power Parity – PPP), si loo ogaado sida noloshoodu u dhiganto marka la barbar dhigo qiimaha suuqyada gudaha.
Sida HDI loo xisaabiyo:
Tusmada hoose waxay ina tusinaysaa in xisaabta HDI lagu jaangooynayo saddexdaas qaybood cabbir u dhexeeya 0 ilaa 1. Kadibna, dalalka waxaa loo qaybiyaa saddex heer oo kala ah:
1. Waddamada horumarkoodu hooseeyo: HDI-ga oo ka hooseeya 0.55
2. Waddamada leh horumar dhexdhexaad ah: HDI-ga u dhexeeya 0.55 ilaa 0.7 3. Waddamada horumarkooddu sareeyo: HDI-ga u dhexeeya 0.8 ilaa 1.0
Marka saddexdaas qodob la isu geeyo, wadanku wuxuu galayaa mid ka mid ah heerarkan iyadoo la eegayo waxbarashada, caafimaadka, iyo heerka nololeed.
Tusaale: Dalalka ugu horeeya HDI 2025
Sida ku cad warbixinta Human Development Report ee la daabacay 6 Maarij 2025, wadamada ugu horeeya HDI-gu waa wadamada Scandinavian-ka sida Norway, Iswiidhan, iyo Denmark. Wadamadani waxay leeyihiin nidaam daryeel bulsho (welfare states) oo dowladdu door weyn ku leedahay. Nidaamkoodu wuxuu damaanad qaadayaa in dadweynuhu helaan adeegyada aasaasiga ah sida: Caafimaad bilaash ah ama jaban, Waxbarasho tayo leh, Caymis shaqo la’aan, Caawinta dadka saboolka ah, iyo Lacag hawlgab oo cadaalad ah. Nidaamyadani waxay si weyn u yaraynayaan sinaan la’aanta dhaqaale (wealth inequality) waxayna fursado u abuurayaan dadka danyarta ah si ay noloshooddu u socoto (upward mobility). Waxa kale oo ay sare u qaadaan wax soo-saarka shaqsiga ah iyo kobaca guud ee dhaqaalaha.
Dhaqaalyahanka reer Kuuriyada Koonfureed Ha-Joon Chang, oo aad u naqdiya aragtida suuq xoriyadda cusub (neoliberalism), wuxuu sheegay in ka hortagga faragelinta dawladda ee dhaqaalahu aanay had iyo jeer waxtar lahayn. Isaga oo u doodaya nidaamka daryeelka bulshada, wuxuu sheegay in ay yihiin nidaamyo dhiirrigeliya kobaca dhaqaalaha, fursad-siinaya bulshada, iyo sinnaanta dadka.
Dowladaha Waaweyn Waxay Dhaqaalaha u Kobcin Karaan si Dhakhso ah
Waxaa jira aragti caan ah oo sheegaysa in dawladaha yaryar, kuwa aan si weyn ugu lug lahayn adeegyada bulshadu ay dhaqaale ahaan u kobcaan si ka dhakhso badan kuwa leh dawlad ballaadhan oo bixisa adeegyo badan. Aragtiddani waxay ku saleysan tahay tuhun ah in kharashaadka badan ee dawladeed uu culays ku noqdo dhaqaalaha guud ee waddanka. Laakiin marka la eego xogaha la ururiyey muddooyin kala duwan, aragtidaas dhab ahaantii lama taageeri karo. Taariikhdu waxay muujinaysaa in waddamo badan oo leh dawlad ballaadhan oo bixiya adeegyo bulsho ay si dhab ah ugu guuleysteen koboc dhaqaale oo xooggan, mararka qaarna ay ka hor mareenba waddamada leh dawladdaha yaryar.
Sanadkii 1980-kii, Mareykanka, oo loo aqoonsanaa inuu leeyahay dawlad aan bixin adeegyo bulsho oo badan, wuxuu ku bixin jiray adeegyada bulshada 13.3% dakhliga guud ee gudaha (GDP). Marka la barbar dhigo waddamada Yurub, farqi weyn ayaa se jiray: 15-kii waddan ee ugu kobacsanaa dhaqaalaha Midowga Yurub ayaa celcelis ahaan adeegyada bulshada ku bixinayay 19.9% GDP. Iswiidhan waxay gaadhay 28.6%, Hollan 24.1%, Jarmalka Galbeed 23%. Inkasta oo Mareykanku lahaa dawlad kharash yar ku bixisa adeegyada bulshada, haddana kobaca dhaqaalihiisu wuxuu ahaa mid ka gaabis badan Yurub. Intii u dhaxaysay 1950 ilaa 1987, kobaca dakhliga qofkiiba ee Mareykanku wuxuu ahaa 1.9% sanadkii, halka waddamada Yurub qaarkood ay ka sare mareen: Jarmalka Galbeed 3.8%, Iswiidhan 2.7%, Hollan 2.5%. Tani waxay si toos ah u muujinaysaa in adeegyada ballaadhan ee dawladdu bixisaa aanay marnaba joojinin kobaca dhaqaalaha, ee waxaabay xitaa kor u qaadi karaan wax-soo-saarka qofka. Markii la gaadhay 1990- meeyadii, Mareykanku wuxuu dib ugu laabtay koboc dhaqaale oo xoog leh. Intii u dhaxaysay 1990 ilaa 2008, dakhliga qofkiiba ee Mareykanku wuxuu kordhay celcelis ahaan 1.8% sanadkii. Laakiin xilligaas waxaa jiray waddamo kale oo lahaa dawladdo ballaadhan, kuwaas oo si xowli ah u kobcayay: Finland 2.6% sanadkii, Norway 2.5% sanadkii. Tani waxay markale muujinaysaa in xitaa marka Mareykanku kobcayo, ay jiraan waddamo kale oo leh nidaamyo daryeel bulsho oo qoto dheer kuwaas oo si ka wanaagsan u kobcaya.
Sanadkii 2003, waddamo badan oo Yurub ahi waxay adeegyada bulshada ku bixinayeen boqolkiiba wax aad u sarreeya marka loo eego GDP-ga:
Finland: 22.5%
Norway: 25.1%
Iswiidhan: 31.3% (ugu sarreysay caalamka)
OECD celcelis: 20.7%
Mareykanka: 16.2%
Inkasta oo ay Iswiidhan ahayd waddanka ugu kharashka badan marka loo eego adeegyada bulshada, haddana kobaceeda dhaqaale ee qofkiiba sanadkii wuxuu ahaa 1.8% – kaasoo barbar dhacayay kobaca Mareykanka. Laakiin marka la eego xogta gaarka ah ee intii u dhaxaysay 2000 ilaa 2008, Iswiidhan waxay gaadhay kobac dhan 2.4%, halka Finland korodhay 2.8%. Labadaas waddan waxay ka sarreeyeen Mareykanka inkastoo ay lahaayeen nidaamyo adeegyo bulsho oo aad u baaxad weyn. Xogaha la helay waxay si cad u tusayaan in jiritaanka dawlad ballaadhan, taasoo bixisa adeegyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, caymiska shaqo la’aanta, iwm, aanay ahayn caqabad dhaqaale. Xitaa waa suuragal in dawladdu ay door togan ku yeelato kobaca, iyada oo abuuraysa jawi bulsho oo xasilloon, sare u qaadaysa waxbarashada iyo caafimaadka, isla markaana kobcinaysa wax-soo-saarka iyo helitaanka shaqo. Waxaa la dhihi karaa: “Dawlad weyn iyo koboc dhaqaale toona isma hor istaagaan, balse waxay noqon karaan laba arrimood oo is taageera.”