Faallo buugga: How to Read a Book
Waxaa qoray: Biindhe Abiib
Biindhe26@gmail.com
Faallo buugga: How to Read a Book
Aan ku bilaabo waydiin ka mid ah suaalaha Mortimer J. uu innagu suaalayo buugiisa ‘How to Read a Book’ oo aynu halkan nuxurkiisa iskula eegi doono e, marka uu buug gacantaada soo galo ee aad u hollato in aad farriinta ku daabacan u kuurgasho, halkee ayaa aad ka bilawdaa akhrintiisa amaba indho-indhayntiisa? Qaabkee? Akhrinta qoraalkan yara haki oo bal dib ugu noqo qaabka aad ku bilawdo buugta aad akhrido. Waxa aan rajaynayaa, in ay warcelintaadu noqon doonto mid la mid ah tii aan ka bixiyay waydiintaa, xilli aan akhrinayay dhiganahan: inta aan magaca buugga korka kaga xardhan si magac ahaaneed u kiciyo ayaa aan deetana si halhaleel ah ugu gudbaa barta ay ka bilaabmayso farriinta buugu. Haddii aad sidaa ku bilawdo akhriska kitaabka gacantaada soo gala, sidii aan aniguba yeeli jiray intii aanan la kulmin Mortimer J. iyo Charles, wax wayn ayaa ka qaldan qaab akhriskaaga, waxa aanad u baahantahay in aad raggaa afka jug isa siisaan oo aad kala-war-qaadataan. Waa haddii aad rabto akhris macno leh.
Buugani, sida uu qoraaguba xusay, waa dhigane loogu talogalay akhristayaasha iyo cid kasta oo rajaynaysa in ay ‘AKHRISTE’ noqoto. Waxa uu si khaas ah u khuseeyaa, dadka buugta akhriya ee ujeeddada akhriskoodu ay tahay in ay kor u qaadaan fahmadooda. Eeg hadda, qoraagu ma odhan in ay kobciyaan wacaalkooda (information) waxa uu yidhi carrabkana ku adkeeyay FAHMADOODA (understanding). Waa dadka ay akhriskooda ku lammaan tahay baaris. Sheyga aad akhrinayso in aad wacaal ka rabto iyo in aad fahmo ka rabtaana aad baa ay u kala duwan tahay, hawsheeduna u kala culus tahay. Isla bilawga buuga ayaa uu qoraagu kuu qeexayaa nuuca akhris ee uu ka hadlayo, isaga oo akhriska u kala saaraya labo: ‘reading for information’ iyo ‘reading for understanding’ waxa uuna isdultaagayaa buugga inta ka dhimana ku lafagurayaa, nuuca dambe ee akhriska; ‘reading for understanding’ iyo jidkii loo marayay. Akhriska nuucan ah ee uu qofku rabo in uu fahmadiisa kor ugu qaado waxa uu u baahanyahay xirfad, ka go’naasho, iyo juhdi. Waxa aad u akhrinaysaa si baraarugsan oo aan maahsanaani ku jirin, sida qoraagu tilmaamayo. Waxa uu leeyahay, akhriska nuucan ahi waxa uu rabaa in lagu akhriyo maan soojeeda iyo indho, wadajira oo aan kala qaybsanayn. Waa in aad u akhriso hannaanka akhris ee uu ugu macag daray, ‘active reading’. Haddaba, ‘active reading’-ka oo lagu gaadhayo darajada ugu sarraysa akhriska oo ah; in akhristuhu faham fiican ka helo (increased understanding) sheyga uu akhriyay, waxa ay u baahantahay xirfad iyo tabo akhris.
Xirfaddaa iyo tabahaa uu u baahanyahay akhristaha akhrisku ka go’an yahay, ayaa uu Mortimer buugani ku soo aruuriyay iyo wax kasta oo khuseeya akhriska ay ujeeddadiisu tahay ka-gungaarista nuxur kasta oo lagu soo gudbiyo ereyga qoran.
Afar heer ama darajo ayaa uu u kala saaray akhriska. Darajada ugu saraysa ee akhriska ahna halka loo socdo waxa uu ku sheegay darajada afraad. Inta aynaan u gudagalin heerarkaas akhris, marka hore, aynu isla fahanno seeska dooddiisa ee ku salaysan nuuca akhris ee uu rabo. Maxaa uu uga jeedaa ‘reading for understandig’? Maxaa uuse ka wadaa ‘active reading’? Labadan qodob oo aynu fahanno ayaa soo dhawaynaysa, nuxurka buugga. Kadib, darajooyinka akhris ee uu inoo tababarayo ayaa aynu isla eegi doonaa.
Reading for understanding
Ujeeddooyinka wax loo akhriyo waxa uu u kala qaaday laba qaybood oo waawayn: akhris wacaaldoon ah (reading for information), iyo akhris fahandoon ah (reading for understanding). Waxa uu soo raaciyay mid saddexaad oo uu leeyahay waa laga tagi karaa oo ahmiyad sii riddan ma leh. Waa akhriska maararoowga ah (reading for entertainment).
Marka ay halkaa joogto, buugani uma socdo in uu la hadlo ama caawiyo akhriste hadafkiisu yahay wacaaldoon ama maararoow. Labadaasi uma baahna jidbixin. Kaliya waa in qofku yaqaan kicinta xarfaha. Dedaal intaa ka baxsan uma baahna. Akhriska dedaalka iyo tamarta u baahani waa ka fahndoon ka ah. Halkan, akhristuhu waxa uu rabaa in uu akhriyo mawduuc ama buug aragtida ku qoran aanu waxba ka fahansanayn ama ay yartahay inta uu ka fahansan yahay. Marka uu akhriska buugaa dhammeeyo waxa uu rabaa in uu ka soo gudbo marxaladdaa fahanka hoose oo u gudbo marxalad uu fahan sare ka haysto walaxdii uu akhriyay. Matalan, waxa aad gacanta ku haysaa buug aad ogtahay in uu kugu adag yahay oo fahankiisu kaa rabo akhris aad jilbaha u aasato. Marka aad bilawdaba waa kaa hor imanayaa. Kakanaan baa dareentay, iyo in uu kaa tamar roon yahay. Maxaa aad samaynaysaa?
Ma qof aad ku tuhmayso in uu kaaga cilmiroon yahay baa aad ula tagaysaa? Caawimaad ereyada buugga ku qoran ka baxsan miyaa aad raadsanaysaa? Waxa uu leeyahay, intaa midna adiga oo aan samayn, caawimaad dibadda ahna aanan raadsan waa in aad buugaa nuxurkiisa kaga bogon kartaa, kaliya, akhris aad hawl galisay. Marka ay joogto akhriska fahanddoonka ah, waxa la rabaa in aad dhigaal kasta nuxurkiisa ka gungaari karto adiga oo aanan haba yaraato e, cidna/waxna la kaashanayn si ay kuu caawiso, si kasta oo dhiganuhu u miisaan culus yahay. Kaliya waxa shardi ah, in aad qoraaga is aftaqaanaan oo ereyada warqada ku xardhan aad garanayso. Akhriska nuucan ah waxa samayn kara, kaliya, akhriste baaluqay oo xirfad akhris leh, oo yaqaana tabaha buugta loogala soo baxo dheefta ku jirta. Akhristaha ay ku adag tahayna, in uu xirfadaa barto baa ka xigta in uu akhris midhodhal ah samayn karo. Waana ta buugu ina barayo.
Marka aad tahay akhriste gaamuray oo qaangaadh ah, waxa la rabaa in aad buugga Capital ee Thomas Piketty ama Wealth of Nations ee Adam Smith aad ka lib keeni karto aragtida dhaqaale ee ay xambaarsan yihiin, adiga oo aanan cidna caawimaad ka raadsan. Waa in aad buugtaa isku laabto, marka aad dhammayso, xilliga ay doontaba ha kugu qaadato e, idinka oo is-af-gartay Thomas iyo Adam. Waa kan nuuca akhris ee fahanddoonka (reading for understanding) uu Mortimer buugga ku lafagurayo.
Akhriska nuucan ah ‘reading for understanding’ laba marxaladood in ay jiraan ayaa u daruuri ah baa uu ku dooday qoraagu: ta u horraysa waa in ay jirto kalasarayn fahan; qoraagu waa in uu uga aqoon badanyahay akhristaha arrinta uu ka hadalayo ee aysan isku fahan ka ahayn. Ta labaadana waa in uu u soo gudbiyo dooddiisa hab la fahmi karo si akhristuhu uga takhalusi karo kalasaraynta fahan. Haddaba, akhriskaasi waxa uu rabaa in loo akhriyo si soojeedda ‘active reading’ si waxaa aynu ka sheekaynay oo dhani u suurtagalaan.
Active reading
Haddii ay kaa go’an tahay in aad u kobocdo maskax ahaan, ama si kalaba, kol ay ruux ahaan noqoto, ujeeddada akhriskaaguna ay tahay in aad korto, akhris aad halwgaliso ‘active reading’ ayaa kugu waajib ah. Waa in ay indhahaaga iyo maskaxdaadu sikin kasta isku xidhnaadaan oo wada shaqeeyaan inta aad ‘active reading’-ka ku jirto. Sida ay muhiim u tahay in marka wax la qorayo ay isku xidhnaadaan maskaxda iyo faraha waxa qorayaa, ayaa ay muhiim u tahay in ay maskaxda iyo indhuhuna isku xidhnaadaan marka wax la akhrinayo. Adiga oo kala qaaran oo maskaxdaadu meel kale ka calanwalaynayso ma samayn kartid ‘active reading’. Marba haddii ujeeddada akhriskaagu ay tahay fahandoon iyo in ay wax kuu kordhaan, akhriska ha kaftamin ee si soojeeda wax u akhri weeyi nuxurka ‘active reading’-ku.
Akhriska soojeeda maxaa lagu garan karaa? Si kale, maxaa u shardi ah ‘active reading’-ka? Waxa uu leeyahay; afar waydiimood waa in aad ka jawaabi karto haddii aad akhriska galisay tamartii uu u qalmay ama aad adiga oo u soojeeda aad wax akhriday:
- WHAT IS THE BOOK ABOUT AS A WHOLE? Waxa uu buugu ku saabsanyahay si guud.
- WHAT IS BEING SAID IN DETAIL, AND HOW? Waa in aad ka jawaabi karto fikradaha ugu culus ee buuga ku jira, doodaha loo cuskaday, iyo qaabka loo dhigayba.
- IS THE BOOK TRUE, IN WHOLE OR PART? Runnimada buuga iyo aragtidaadana waa in aad qeexi karto. Waa in aad odhan karto, waa aan ku raacay ama ku raacin qoraaga adiga oo sababaynaya.
- WHAT OF IT? Ta u dambaysa uguna culus waa in aad faahfaahin karto waxa laga faaidayo buuga iyo sababta qoraagu ugu maleeyay in ay muhiim tahay in la baahiyo nuxurka buuga.
Akhrisku haddiiba uu dhaafsan yahay darajada koowaad ee akhriska ‘elementary level’ waa qasab in akhristuhu ka jawaabi karo afartaa waydiimood. Buugta kaliya ma ahine, waydiimahani waa ku waajib nuuc kasta oo akhris oo laga rabo nuxur, maqaalada, sheekooyinka iyo sugaantaba. Akhristaha ay ka go’antahay iyo akhristaha ilaaqdoonka ahna, halkan baa ay ku kala hadhaan. Midi waydiimahan ayaa uu dhigaal kasta iska waydiiyaa kana jawaabaa, midina ismana waydiiyo jawaabna ma helo, sidaa darteed, waxba uma kordhaan.
Sida oo kale qodobkan waxa uu ku xusay musiibo laga xumaado oo haysata dadka fahansan nuuca akhris ee ay rabaan, haddana aanan fulinin qurshahooda akhris. Waa dadka kala yaqaana akhriska hawsha lagaliyo iyo ka aan la galin, haddana aan fulin wixii ku waajibay.
Afarta heer
Afar heer ama darajo oo akhrisku leeyahay ayaa uu xusay. Heerar (levels) ayaa uu isticmaalay oo waxa uu iska dhawray in uu isticmaalo noocyo (kinds). Taasi waxa ay ku tusaysaa in ay noocyo badan jiri karaan isana soo hoosgali karaan, balse heerar ku aanay isa soo hoosgali karin. Dhinaca kale heerarku waxa ay tilmaamayaan in akhrisku yahay xirfad barasho u baahan oo kala darajooyin sarraysa. Heerka koowaad ayaa laga yaabaa in uu intaa oo nooc yeesho. Sida oo kale, heerka uu doono qofku kama bilaabi karo akhriska. Sidaa darteed, waxa laga yaabaa in aad noocyo badan oo akhriska ah aad horay u maqashay aad ku qaldayso heerar (levels).
Heerka koowaad: ‘elementary reading’ waa heerka aasaasiga akhriska ee qofku ku barto xarfaha kicintooda iyo iskudardarkooda. Carruurnimo ayaana badanka lagu bartaa iyo dugsiga hoose. Ujeeddaduna waa in qofku xarfo meel ku qoran akhrin karo si ay u yeeshaan macno la garan karo.
Heerka labaad: ‘inspectional reading’ heerkan waa in qofku yaqaan qoraalka dulmaritaanka ah sida magaca ka muuqata. Muddo cayiman oo aan 15 daqiiqo ka badnayn waa in aad buuga ugu wayn xataa dulmar ku samayn karto. Ujeeddadu waa in aad buuga iyo waxa uu ku saabsanyahay iyo nuuciisa fahanto inta aanad akhris caadi ah ugu fadhiisan. Laba nooc oo dulmaritaan ah baana jira, buuga ayaa aad ugu tagaysaa.
Heerka saddexaad: ‘analytical reading’ waa heerka uu rabo in akhriste kasta isku tababaro. Waa ka ugu culus ee buuga intiisa u badan uu qoraagu ku faahfaahinayo. Waa hannaankii akhristaha fahandoonk ahi wax u akhrinayay. Ujeeddadiisuna waa in akhristuhu ka gungaaro nuxurka daabacan. Waa in uu akhristuhu qoraaga meel isla soo taago. Waydiinta saddexaad ee suaalihii aan kor ku soo xusnay waa halka aad kaga jawaabayso.
Heerka afraad: ‘syntopical reading’ ama ‘comparative reading’ waa heerka u sarreeya ee akhriska. Waa akhris baaris ku salaysan. Heerkan akhristuhu hal maaddo ayaa uu ka akhrinayaa laba ama kabadan oo buug isla halmar. Waa akhris u baahan xirfad iyo bislaasho. Sida caadiga ahna, heerashani waa isku xidhanyihiin, mid haddii aad ka soo boodo ka kale suurtagal ma aha. Qofka ‘syntopical reading’ samayn kara ayuun baa ‘comparative reading’ na samayn kara.
Ugu dambayn, dhiganahani waa mid ku habboon cid kasta oo rabta in ay yeelato xirfad akhris oo sare. Waa buug soojiidanaya akhristaha ay ka go’ntahay in uu akhriska u adeegsado tab uu isku dhiso shaqsi ahaan, ee akhrisku aanu ilaaqdoon ka ahayn sida hadda inagu soo badanaysa. Waa koorso akhris oo si hagar la’aan ah ugu jidbixinaysa akhristayaasha iyo inta rabta ina ay AKHRISTE noqdaan. Waa kugu waajib in aad buugaa ahmiyad siiso haddii aad ka mid tahay kooxdaa aan soo tilmaamay.
