Waxaa qoray: Zakaria Mohamed Ali
“Marka aad haysato dal hodan ku ah macdanta, dheemanka iyo saliidda, isla markaana heshiisyo ganacsi kula jirto shirkado caalami ah — balse shirkaduhu aanay dhab ahaantii faa’iidada kaligood qaatan— waxaa taas lagu magacaabaa gumeysi-dadban.” By Claire Denis
Macdantu waa mid kamid ah khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee dhulka laga helo. Waxay door muhiim ka ciyaartaa hormarinta nolosha dadka iyo dhaqaalaha caalamka, waxay muhiim u tahay dhinacyo badan oo kala duwan sida dhismaha, caafimaadka, tamarta, farsamada, iyo qurxinta.
Macdantu waxay noqotay walax laf-dhabar u noqotay dhaqaalaha wadamada. Wadamada sida fiican uga faa’iidaysta macdanta waxay noqdeen foolaad ka dunida xaga horumarka. Waxay siisay fursad ay dunida ku saameeyaan dunida iyadoo loo marayo kobcinta dhaqaalaha, maalgalinta tignoolajiyada, iyo saamayn siyaasadeed, taas oo siisay awood ku jaangooyan siyaasadaha adduunka marka la joogo fadhiyada caalamka.
Wadamada khaliijka waxay si fiican umaareeyeen siday uga faa`idaysan lahaayeen saliida iyo gas ka dhulkooda ceegaaga. Waxay siisay saamayn siyaasadeed iyo mid dhaqaale dunida laga tixgaliyo. Waxay noqdeen xubno firfircoon jaangooya qiimaha suuqyada caalamka. Waxay saamayn ku yeesheen siyaasadaha lagu maamulo tamarta iyo dhaqaalaha aduunka.
Halka wadamada Botswana iyo South Africa ay noqdeen wadamo hormuud u ah sida wacan uga faa’iidaystay ee Afrikaanka ah. Waxay kor u qaadeen dakhliga wax-soosaarka macdanta, ayagoo ku maalgaliyay kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha wadanka. Waxay dhiseen xarumo waxbarasho, wadooyin, xarumo caafimaad, iyo hormarinta beeraha, si loo yareeyo faqriga iyo baahida wadanka. Wadamadaas ku yaalla Koonfurta Afrika waxay caan ku yihiin soo saarista dheemanka. Waxaa kale oo aan la inkiri karin kaalinta ay Chaina ka ciyaarto, iyadoo door laxaad leh ka qaadata soo saarka macdanta muhiimka u ah warshadaha iyo tignoolajiyada, sida lithium, cobalt, iyo curiyaalka dhifta (rare-earth), oo muhiim u ah samaynta batariyada, taleefannada casriga ah, qalabka caafimaadka, iyo tamarta nadiifta ah.
Halka wadamo kale oo leh kaydad badan oo macdaneed ay ku noqotay nimcad nacladaysan (resource curse). Maxaa yeelay waxay dhibane u noqdeen awoodo caalami ah oo ku hardamaya dhulkooda si ay u boobaan. Waxay marti geliyeen colaado sokeeye dhiig badan ku daatay, kumanaan nafoodna ay ku go’een. Waxaa sabab u ah hogaan jilicsan oo dhuuni raac ah, dollar-ka maamulo kaas oo hoos jooge dano shisheeye ku barataamaya siday dhinacooda ugu booban dhulkaas dihin bilaa dadka ah, taasi waxay horseeday wadamadaas inay noqdaan wadamada ugu khalaasaha badan iyo kuwa faqrisan dunida.
Dalalka sida fudud qof walba maankiisa kusoo dhici kara waa Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Wuxuu dhibane u noqday khalalaaso siyaasadeed iyo mid amni dalkaas loo soo waariday, xaalkiisana sii murjiyey. Wuxuu hodan ku yahay cobalt, coltan, iyo dahab. Khayraadka dalkaas wuxuu ku noqday buro kansar kaga taalla sambabaha. Colaaddii dhacday sannadkii 1996 waxaa ku nafwaayey dad ku dhow lix milyuun (6 milyuun). Kooxo hubaysan ayaa qabsaday meelihii macdanta laga qodi jiray si ay dhaqaalaha kasoo xarooda ugu iibsadaan hub iyo rasaas. Waxaa ka dhaca xadgudubyo bani’aadanimo; caruurta ayaa lagu qasbaa inay ka shaqeeyaan shaqooyin halis ah, iyadoo dhaqaalaha kasoo xarooda aan lagaarsiisin shacabka balse ay gacanta u gasho kooxo hubaysan iyo qaswadayaal.
Cilmi-baaraha Paul Collier (2007), oo buuggiisa The Bottom Billion ku faahfaahiyey, wuxuu sheegay in dalalka hodanka ku ah khayraadka dabiiciga ah ay la kulmaan waxa uu ugu yeeray nacdasha khayraadka ama nimcadda nacladaysan “resource curse”. Arrintan waxay ka dhalataa musuqmaasuq, heshiisyo aan si cad loo faahfaahin lala galo shirkadaha shisheeye iyo isla xisaabtan la’aan, taasoo keenta in dakhliga ka soo baxa macdanta uusan gaadhin bulshada.
Sidoo kale, Michael Ross (2004), oo maqaalkiisa “What Do We Know about Natural Resources and Civil War?” qoray, wuxuu cadeeyey in xiriir xooggan uu ka dhexeeyo khayraadka dabiiciga ah iyo colaadaha. Dalalka leh kaydad macdaneed ku dhowaad 50% waxay u nugul yihiin dagaalo iyo khilaafaad siyaasadeed marka loo eego kuwa aan lahayn khayraad dabiici ah.
Ereyga “Blood Diamonds” ama “Dheemanka Dhiigga leh” waxaa loola jeedaa dheemannada laga qodo meelaha ay ka jiraan colaado ama dagaallo sokeeye, kuwaas oo lacagta laga helo loo adeegsado in lagu maalgeliyo hub, kooxo dagaal, iyo falal dambiyeedyo bani’aadanimo.
Tani waxay si gaar ah caan u noqotay 1990-meeyadii, xilligaas oo wadamo badan oo Galbeedka Afrika ah (sida Sierra Leone, Liberia, iyo Angola) ay colaado sokeeye ka socdeen. Kooxo hubaysan ayaa qabsaday goobihii dheemanka laga qodi jiray, waxayna lacagta dheemanka uga iibsan jireen shirkado iyo dalal shisheeye si ay u helaan hub iyo taageero siyaasadeed.
Ian Smillie (2002) buuggiisa “Blood on the Stone” wuxuu si faahfaahsan u sharraxay sida dheemanku u noqday saldhig dagaal iyo ganacsi xun. Wuxuu sheegay in ganacsiga dheemanka uu si toos ah u maalgelin jiray kooxihii hubaysnaa ee Sierra Leone (Revolutionary United Front – RUF), kuwaas oo dhibaatooyin bani’aadanimo ka geystay dalkaas, sida goynta gacmaha dad rayid ah iyo kufsiyo wadareed.
Dhanka kale, Philippe Le Billon (2001) maqaalkiisa “The Political Ecology of War” wuxuu muujiyey in colaadaha macdanta aysan ahayn kaliya arrin dhaqaale, balse ay yihiin dhibaato siyaasadeed, deegaan iyo maamul isku dhafan. Wuxuu caddeeyey in sida loo maamulo khayraadka dabiiciga ah ay go’aamiso haddii uu noqdo barwaaqo ama balaayo.
Kadib markii caalamku ka falceliyay fadeexadahaas, waxaa la sameeyay Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) sannadkii 2003. Ujeeddadiisu waxay ahayd in la joojiyo suuq-gelinta dheemanka colaadaha laga helo, iyadoo la sameeyay nidaam shahaado iyo raadraac ah oo lagu xaqiijinayo in dheemanka la dhoofinayo aanu ka iman meel dagaal ka socdo.
Samaynta xun kaliya kuma koobna colaadaha waxay sababtay burbur deegaan, wasakhow biyo, iyo barakac dadka deegaanka ah. Dadka deegaan ka ayaa dhulooda xoog looga bara kiciyaa ayadoo lasiin wax magdhow maaliyadeed ah meelaha macdanta laga qoto, taasoo keenta isqabqabsi iyo rabshado. Mararka qaar dadka deeganka ayaa lakulmo cabsi iyo dhibaato, maadaama ay ka hadlaan arrimaha cadaaladda iyo ilaalinta deegaanka.
Macdanta waxay leedahay labo weji; mid horumar iyo mid halaag. Nasiibdarro Afrika waxay heshay qaybta halaaga iyo qaxarka. Doorkaas xun waxaa sababay maamul xumo, dano shisheeye, iyo caddaalad-darro ku saabsan sida dakhliga loo maamulo. Khayraadka Afrika waa in uu keenaa barwaaqo, ma aha dhiig iyo burbur. Sida uu sheegay aqoonyahanka John Githongo, “Afrika maaha mid sabool ah; waa mid si xun loo maamulo.”
Dhulka Soomaalida ee Geeska Afrika wuxuu ka mid yahay meelaha dunida hodanka ku ah macdanta noocyadeeda kala duwan, hadday noqoto mid dhaqaale, warshado, wax-soosaar ama tamar ah. Taas ay jirto, haddana waxay u baahan tahay baaris dhammeystiran, maadaama baaritaankii ugu dambeeyay ee dhammaystiran lagu sameeyay uu ahaa xilligii dowladdii kacaanka.
Waxaa jira caqabado waaweyn oo haysta maalgashiga macdanta waddanka. Taas ugu horreysa waa xasillooni siyaasadeed, inaysan jirin xeerar dhameystiran oo ku saabsan macdan qodista, inkasta oo ay dhaw dahay in baarlamaanka la horkeeno si loo ansixiyo. Sidoo kale, wacyiga bulshada ayaa hooseeya marka la eego waaxdaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, meelaha qaarkood ee dalka waxaa laga soo saaraa dahab, tin, cusbo, copper, iyo gemstones.
Somalia waxay ubaahan tahay inay si taxadar leh ugu maaraysaa hanaankii loo mari lahaa sidii looga fa`idaysan lahaa khayraadka dihin wadanka, iyadoo meel marinaysa shuruuc iyo habraacyo sax ah sidii si nabdoon loo manaafacaadsan lahaa. Waa in lahelaa nidaamyo layaqaan si hufan u ilaalinaya shirkadaha wadanka kuwo caalamiga imaan doona, si looga fogaado khalaaso iyo dagaalo ay dhiig badan ku dataan.
Tixraacyada (References)
- Collier, P. (2007). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford University Press.
- Ross, M. L. (2004). What Do We Know About Natural Resources and Civil War? Journal of Peace Research, 41(3), 337–356.
- Smillie, I. (2002). Blood on the Stone: Greed, Corruption and War in the Global Diamond Trade. Anthem Press.
- Le Billon, P. (2001). The Political Ecology of War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts. Political Geography, 20(5), 561–584.
- Auty, R. M. (1993). Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. Routledge.
- Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS). (2003). Final Communiqué of the Interlaken Meeting. United Nations & World Diamond Council.
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2011). The Environmental Impact of Mineral Resource Exploitation and Use.
- World Bank. (2020). Harnessing Natural Resources for Sustainable Growth: Lessons from Africa. World Bank Publications.
- Githongo, J. (2018). Governance and Corruption in Africa’s Extractive Sector. African Centre for Economic Transformation.
- Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Somalia. (2023). Draft National Mining Policy. Mogadishu: Federal Government of Somalia.
- IGF Secretariat (2025). Mining Policy Framework Assessment: Somalia. Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development.
