W/Q: Xamsa Axmed
Mabaadi’da monroe waa mid ka mid ah mabaa’di’da ugu muhiimsan ee taariikhda siyaasadda dibadda ee Mareykanka mabda’an waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu dhawaaqay sanadkii 1823 intii uu xilka hayay madaxweynaha James nMonroe, waxaana lagu soo bandhigay khudbad uu ka jeediyay Congress-ka Mareykanka. Xilligaas, nidaamka caalamiga ah wuxuu weli ku jiray marxalad ay ku xooganaayeen boqortooyooyin Yurub ah kuwaas oo qarniyo badan gumeysi ku hayay dalal ku yaalla qaaradaha kale. Marka laga eego aragtida istiraatiijiyadda caalamiga ah, Monroe Doctrine waxay ahayd isku day uu Mareykanku ku dhisayo xeer cusub oo nidaamiya xiriirka u dhexeeya quwadaha Yurub iyo qaaradda Ameerika. Mabda’ani wuxuu si cad u sheegay in dalalka Yurub aysan mar dambe gumeysi cusub ka samayn karin Western Hemisphere, isla markaana aysan faragelin ku samayn karin arrimaha gudaha ee dalalka cusub ee madaxbannaan ee Latin America.
Bilowgii qarnigii 19aad, dalal badan oo ku yaalla Latin America waxay bilaabeen inay ka xoroobaan gumeysigii Spain iyo Portugal. Kacdoonnadaas xornimo-doonka ah waxaa hoggaaminayay shaqsiyaad taariikhi ah sida Simón Bolívar, kuwaas oo horseeday burburka nidaamkii gumeysiga ee Yurub ee qaaradda Ameerika. Dowladda United States waxay si dhow ula socotay isbeddeladan, maadaama ay ka baqaysay in quwadaha Yurub ay isku dayaan inay dib u qabsadaan dalalka cusub ee madaxbannaan. Sidaa darteed, Monroe Doctrine waxay noqotay qalab siyaasadeed oo loogu talagalay in lagu xakameeyo soo laabashada gumeysiga Yurub ee gobolka.
Marka laga eego dhinaca aragtida International Relations, Monroe Doctrine waxaa loo arkaa tusaale hore oo muujinaya fikradda sphere of influence, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in quwad weyn ay u aragto gobol gaar ah inuu ku jiro saameynteeda istiraatiijiga ah. Mabda,ani wuxuu muujiyay sida United States ay u doonaysay inay ka hortagto quwadaha kale inay saameyn ku yeeshaan qaaradda Ameerika. Inkastoo xilligaas Mareykanku uusan lahayn awood militari oo weyn, mabda’an wuxuu dhidibada u taagay aragti istiraatiiji ah oo mustaqbalka u oggolaanaysa
Mareykanka inuu noqdo awoodda ugu weyn ee gobolka.
Sidoo kale, Monroe Doctrine waxaa si dadban u taageeray United Kingdom, taas oo markaas ahayd quwadda ugu weyn ee badda. Ingiriisku wuxuu lahaa dano dhaqaale oo ku saabsan Latin America, gaar ahaan inuu suuqyo ganacsi ka helo dalalka cusub ee madaxbannaan. Sidaa darteed, inkastoo Ingiriisku uusan si rasmi ah uga mid noqon mabda’an , awoodda badeed ee Ingiriiska ayaa ka hortagtay in quwadaha kale ee Yurub ay isku dayaan inay dib u gumaystaan
Latin America.
Qarnigii 19aad iyo bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, Monroe Doctrine waxay bilaabatay inay si tartiib tartiib ah isu beddesho. Halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd mabda’ difaac ah oo ka dhan ah Yurub, waxay isu beddeshay qalab siyaasadeed oo Mareykanku ku ballaariyo saameyntiisa gobolka. Isbeddelkan waxaa si gaar ah u xoojiyay madaxweynihii Theodore Roosevelt, kaas oo 1904 ku dhawaaqay waxa loo yaqaan Roosevelt Corollary.
Roosevelt Corollary wuxuu si weyn u beddelay macnaha Monroe Doctrine. Halkii mabda’gu ka ahaan lahaa mid kaliya ka hortaga faragelinta Yurub, Roosevelt wuxuu ku daray fikradda ah in Mareykanku xaq u leeyahay inuu faragelin ku sameeyo dalalka Latin America haddii ay ka dhacaan qalalaase siyaasadeed ama dhaqaale oo sababi kara in quwadaha Yurub ay ku lug yeeshaan. Tani waxay Mareykanka siisay door cusub oo ah inuu noqdo awood ilaalisa xasiloonida gobolka.
Intii u dhexeysay 1900 iyo 1930, United States waxay si joogto ah faragelin militari ugu samaysay dalal ku yaalla Latin America sida Cuba, Nicaragua, iyo Haiti. Faragelintan waxaa badanaa lagu sharciyeyn jiray iyadoo la adeegsanayo Monroe Doctrine iyo Roosevelt Corollary. Sidaas darteed, mabda’an wuxuu noqday aalad lagu dhiso saameynta Mareykanka ee gobolka. Marka la gaaro qarnigii 20aad, Monroe Doctrine waxay si gaar ah muhiim u noqotay intii lagu
jiray Cold War. Xilligaas, tartanka u dhexeeyay United States iyo Soviet Union wuxuu gaaray heer caalami ah. Mareykanku wuxuu u arkayay in haddii nidaamyo shuuci ah ay ka samaysmaan Latin America, ay taasi si toos ah u khatar gelin karto amniga Mareykanka.
Dhacdadii ugu caansanayd ee muujisay muhiimadda Monroe Doctrine intii lagu jiray Cold War waxay ahayd Cuban Missile Crisis sanadkii 1962. Markii Soviet Union ay isku dayday inay gantaallo nukliyeer ah dhigto Cuba, Mareykanku wuxuu u arkay arrintan jebinta mabda’a Monroe Doctrine. Dowladda John F. Kennedy ayaa ku jawaabtay go’doomin badeed oo ka dhan ah Cuba si ay u joojiso rakibidda gantaalladaas.
Dhacdadan waxay muujisay sida Monroe Doctrine ay weli u ahayd saldhig muhiim u ah istiraatiijiyadda amniga qaranka ee Mareykanka. Xitaa inkastoo mabda’an la sameeyay qarnigii 19aad, wuxuu sii waday inuu saameyn ku yeesho go’aamada siyaasadeed ee qarnigii 20aad. Qarnigii 21aad, Monroe Doctrine weli si dadban ayay uga muuqataa siyaasadda dibadda ee United States. Inkastoo Mareykanku uusan si joogto ah u isticmaalin magaca mabda’an,
fikraddiisa aasaasiga ah—ahaan in Western Hemisphere uu yahay aag amni oo muhiim u ah Mareykanka—wali waa mid ka muuqata istiraatiijiyadda amniga qaranka.
Tusaale ahaan, dukumentiyada cusub ee istiraatiijiyadda militari sida U.S. National Defense Strategy 2026 waxay muujinayaan in Western Hemisphere loo arko aag muhiim ah oo laga ilaalinayo saameynta quwadaha tartanka kula jira Mareykanka. Istiraatiijiyaddan waxay si gaar ah uga digaysaa in quwadaha waaweyn sida China iyo Russia ay kordhiyaan saameyntooda militari, dhaqaale, iyo tiknoolajiyadeed ee Latin America. Balse Shiinaha wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah maalgeliyeyaasha ugu waaweyn ee kaabeyaasha dhaqaalaha ee Latin America, gaar ahaan dhinacyada dekedaha, tareennada, tamarta, iyo tiknoolajiyada. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah mashruucyadan waxay la xiriiraan hindisaha caalamiga ah ee Belt and Road Initiative, kaas oo Beijing u adeegsato si ay u ballaariso saameynteeda
dhaqaale iyo geopolitics-ka caalamiga ah.
Dhanka kale, Russia waxay isku dayday inay xoojiso xiriirka militari ee ay la leedahay dalal ku yaalla Latin America. Iskaashigan wuxuu mararka qaar ku lug leeyahay heshiisyo ku saabsan iibka hubka, tababarka ciidamada, iyo iskaashi amni. Tusaale ahaan, xiriirka u dhexeeya Russia iyo Venezuela wuxuu noqday mid istiraatiiji ah oo Mareykanku si dhow ula socdo. Moscow waxay si joogto ah u taageertaa dowladda Venezuela, taas oo keentay in Washington ay arrintan u aragto isku day lagu kordhinayo saameynta Russia ee Western Hemisphere.
Sababtaas awgeed, istiraatiijiyadda amniga ee United States waxay sii kordhisay dadaallada ay ku xoojinayso xiriirka ay la leedahay dowladaha Latin America. Tani waxay ku jirtaa qaab iskaashi dhaqaale, difaac, iyo diblomaasiyadeed. Fikradda ah in Western Hemisphere uu yahay aag istiraatiiji ah oo gaar u ah United States waxay si toos ah ugu xidhan tahay aragtida awoodda juqraafiyeed ee geopolitics-ka. Juqraafi ahaan, Mareykanka wuxuu ku yaal meel ay labada bad ee Atlantic Ocean iyo Pacific Ocean u shaqeeyaan sidii difaac dabiici ah oo ka hortaga khataraha dibadda. Sidaa darteed, haddii quwadaha kale ay saldhigyo militari ama saameyn istiraatiiji ah ku yeeshaan Latin America, waxay si toos ah u yaraynaysaa faa’iidada juqraafiyeed ee Mareykanka.
Marka laga eego dhinaca istiraatiijiyadda amniga, Mareykanku wuxuu u arkaa Western Hemisphere inuu yahay aag muhiim u ah difaaca qaranka. Sababta ugu weyn waa in haddii quwadaha kale ay saldhigyo militari ama saameyn istiraatiiji ah ku yeeshaan gobolka, ay taasi si toos ah u saameyn karto amniga gudaha ee Mareykanka. Sidaa darteed, fikradda Monroe Doctrine waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah fikirka istiraatiijiga ah ee Mareykanka ee ku saabsan ilaalinta deegaanka juqraafiyeed ee u dhow. Marka la eego aragtidan, Monroe Doctrine waxaa loo arki karaa istiraatiijiyad uu Mareykanku ku ilaalinayo amnigiisa. Haddii quwadaha kale ay yeeshaan saameyn militari ama siyaasadeed oo ku
dhow Mareykanka, waxay abuuri kartaa khatar istiraatiiji ah. Sidaa darteed, mabda’an wuxuu noqday hab uu Mareykanku ku xaddido saameynta quwadaha kale ee gobolka. Aragtidan waxay sidoo kale muujinaysaa sida quwadaha waaweyn ay u sameystaan aagag ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin saameyn gaar ah.
Fikraddan waxaa si weyn u sharaxaya aragtida Realism ee xiriirka caalamiga ah, taas oo sheegaysa in dowladuhu ay mar walba isku dayaan inay kordhiyaan awooddooda si ay u ilaashadaan amnigooda. Marka la eego aragtidan, Monroe Doctrine waxay ahayd tallaabo uu Mareykanku ku xaqiijinayo inuu noqdo awoodda ugu weyn ee Western Hemisphere. Tani waxay sidoo kale ka hortagtay in quwadaha kale ay helaan saldhigyo istiraatiiji ah oo u dhow dhulka Mareykanka. Tani waxay sidoo kale ka hortagtay in quwadaha kale ay helaan saldhigyo istiraatiiji ah oo u dhow dhulka Mareykanka. Sidaas darteed, Monroe Doctrine ma aha oo kaliya mabda’ taariikhi ah, balse waa fikrad weli saameyn ku leh siyaasadda iyo istiraatiijiyadda amniga ee Mareykanka maanta.
Gabagabadii, Monroe Doctrine waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah aasaaska ugu muhiimsan ee siyaasadda dibadda ee United States, iyadoo dhistay fikradda ah in Western Hemisphere uuyahay aag istiraatiiji ah oo Mareykanku doonayo inuu ka ilaaliyo saameynta quwadaha kale ee waaweyn. Mabda’gan, inkastoo uu soo bilowday qarnigii 19aad, haddana wuxuu weli saameyn ku leeyahay siyaasadda amniga iyo istiraatiijiyadda caalamiga ah ee qarniga 21aad .
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Odd Arne Westad (2005). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of
Our Times. Cambridge University Press. - Cuban Missile Crisis
Fursenko, Aleksandr & Naftali, Timothy. (1997). One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and
Kennedy 1958–1964. W.W. Norton. - Latin America and the United States: A Documentary History
Smith, Peter H. (2010). Oxford University Press. - U.S. National Defense Strategy
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James Monroe (1823). Seventh Annual Message to Congress.
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